What Representativeness Heuristic Is Inappropriately...

I remember and incident that the representativeness heuristic was inappropriately applied in judging me. I was playing pickup basketball while visiting family away from my home state of Kentucky at the time, and I was wearing a University of Kentucky tee-shirt. As I walked up a team was forming and one of the players looked at me and said, â€Å"I’ll take the guy from Kentucky†, presumably basing his decision on the popularity of the sport in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. As play progressed, my lack of excellence in the game demonstrated clearly that fandom and stardom work quite independently of one another. I have made inappropriate judgments based on availability heuristic many times over the years. I can recall one case in particular from my childhood during the early days of AIDS coming into public view. Around the age of 10, I remember watching a particularly disturbing news report on AIDS, and although the details of the report are lost to me now, at the time they were fighting. I had a very limited understanding of the disease and how it was contracted, and coincidentally I woke up the next morning not feeling well, convinced that I somehow had been infected with the dreaded disease. Given the discussion on adolescence in our text, the standards for adult activities do somewhat coincide with what we know about human development (Cacioppo Fregberg, 2013 ). Limiting access to many activities based on age is advisable considering the cognitive development of adolescents

The Effects Of Anxiety Disorders And Situational Anxiety...

Abstract: This research paper summarizes the results of three academic articles exploring the effects of anxiety disorders, and situational anxiety on short term working memory. These three articles all used different methods in attempt to connect anxiety with working memory performance. To summarize, these studies attempt to answer the question of whether or not an attentional bias toward threatening (anxiety triggering) exposure or conditions, causes a greater susceptibility to distraction and reduced STM capacity cognitively. They also explore generalized anxiety patients to see if there is a connection between the condition of anxiety as appose to the response of anxiety. The results of these pieces of research together were mixed or inconclusive to whether anxiety negatively effects the short term working memory. This analyses will be about three research articles and summarizing the studies. These three articles lead toward the conclusion that short term working memory is nega tively effected by situational anxiety and also anxiety disorders. Keywords: Anxiety, Short Term Memory, Working Memory Introduction: The effects of anxiety on short term working memory is a large issue discussed by cognitive psychologists today. Anxiety effects many adults of all ages and is a constant struggle for people who suffer from it. Many different research studies have confirmed anxiety is some what associated with performance deficits in all sorts of cognitive tasks including,Show MoreRelatedPsych 101 Final Exam Essay2506 Words   |  11 PagesPart 1 of 1 - 100.0/ 100.0 Points Question 1 of 50 2.0/ 2.0 Points Recovering a memory is like a _____________. A. Replaying a videotape of an event and filling in the missing sensory experiences, such as smell B. Reading a short story in which the plot is detailed but mental images must be generated C. Hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual, and other sensory images Correct D. Watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what theRead MoreAnxiety Disorder And A Happy Life4915 Words   |  20 Pagesfor downloading the book, â€Å" Anxiety disorder--how to deal with anxiety disorder and be happy in life!†. This book contains proven steps and strategies on how to deal with your anxiety disorder and form a happy life. This book contains the chapters- what do you mean by anxiety disorder?, how you can deal with anxiety disorder, what are the details of panic disorder?, what are the details of generalized anxiety disorder?, what are the details of social anxiety disorder?, and what are the details ofRead MoreEssay about Attention Deficit Disorder3040 Words   |  13 PagesAttention Deficit Disorder Five year old Danny is in kindergarten. It is playtime and he hops from chair to chair, swinging his arms and legs restlessly, and then begins to fiddle with the light switches, turning the lights on and off again to everyones annoyance--all the while talking nonstop. When his teacher encourages him to join a group of other children busy in the playroom, Danny interrupts a game that was already in progress and takes over, causing the other children to complain of hisRead MoreAnimals And Humans Have A Biological Stress Response1827 Words   |  8 Pagesnot need to be saved but regardless our bodies are inundated with chemicals that would help us to just that. The hormones released by the body during this response, glucocorticoids and adrenalin, are very powerful and chronic exposure can have long term consequences (Sapolsky, 2009). These chemicals are tolerable and even beneficial in infrequent doses in cases where we need to survive. However, chronic exposure can hurt us. It can have significant impact on the body but this paper will focus onRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesA. Clark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-57230-963-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-57230-963-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59385-375-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-59385-375-4 (paperback) 1. Cognitive therapy. 2. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. I. Title. RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. Clark, PhD, is a professor in the Department of PsychologyRead MoreHypnosis3459 Words   |  14 Pagesbe a useful way of thinking about the effects of hypnosis THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS There are three major theories of hypnosis used for research – the Social Cognitive perspective, Neo disassociation theory and the Interactive-Phenomenological theories. Apart from this, paraprofessionals have used hypnosis for ages, thus their perspective on the issue counts as well. The Social Cognitive theory, out of all the theories of hypnosis, looks at hypnosis in terms of a response or reaction in a socialRead MoreThe Pregnancy Anxiety And Tips For Coping With Childbirth Anxiety9776 Words   |  40 PagesAre you having childbirth anxiety especially as the date of the birth draws near? Are you unsure on how to cope with childbirth anxiety? To help understand the cause of childbirth anxiety and tips for coping with childbirth anxiety, I have interviewed psychologist Carol Hicks. Tell me a little bit about yourself. I have a MA degree in Psychology and I have been a Marriage and Family Therapist for 30 years with a specialty in hypnotherapy influenced by Milton Erickson. My ex husband and I wroteRead MoreWhat is Domestic Violence? Essays1749 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence Domestic violence is a pattern of physical and mental abuse and controlling behavior in a relationship and can happen to anyone, regardless of age, race, sexual orientation, religion, or gender; this type of abuse can have both short and long term affects and can cause physical, mental, and emotional pain. While abuse can happen to anyone, women are by far the most frequent victims and men are the most frequent abusers. The U.S. department of justice estimates that 95 percent of the assaultsRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 Pageshad no idea. Interviewer: You just knew you were . . . Jerry: I thought maybe I was having a heart attack. Interviewer: Okay. Source: Exerpted from â€Å"Panic Disorder: The Case of Jerry,† found on the Videos in Abnormal Psychology CD-ROM that accompanies this textbook. T⠝‘ F⠝‘ Some men in India have a psychological disorder characterized by anxiety over losing semen. (p. 74) T⠝‘ F⠝‘ Although it is not an exact science, the measurement of the bumps on a person’s head can be used to determine the person’sRead MoreStress as a Precursor of Health Problems of College Students2858 Words   |  12 Pagesencounter several health risks. Outline: I. Introduction A. Background B. Thesis Statement II. Health Problems of College Students Caused by Stress A. Insomnia 1. Causes 2. Effects B. Obesity 1. Causes 2. Effects C. Ulcers 1. Causes 2. Effects III. Preventive Measures for Stress-Induced Diseases A. For Insomnia B. For Weight Gain C. For Ulcers D. For Stress in General IV. Conclusion V. References I. Introduction

Flexible Budgets Free Essays

A flexible budget is a budget statement that shows what the expected costs should have been for any level of output, so that the actual costs can be compared to planned costs for the output that was actually generated. In a flexible budget, the costs are separated into variable and fixed costs. The more information that is provided to explain variances in budgeted and actual amounts, the easier it is for management to make successful decisions about costs and expenses. We will write a custom essay sample on Flexible Budgets or any similar topic only for you Order Now A flexible budget classifies budget requests by activity and estimates the benefits arising from each activity. It presents a statement of expectations for a period of time but does not present a firm commitment. It also presents the plan for only one level of activity and does not adjust to changes in the level of activity. However it presents the plan for a range of activity so that the plan can be adjusted for changes in activity levels. Flexible budgets are one way companies deal with different levels of activity. A flexible budget provides budgeted data for different levels of activity. Another way of thinking of a flexible budget is a number of static budgets. The information is used for planning and control purposes. The flexible budget responds to changes in activity, and performance evaluation. The flexible budget uses the same selling price and cost assumptions as the original budget. Variable and fixed costs do not change categories. The variable amounts are recalculated using the actual level of activity, which in the case of the income statement are sales units. Each flexible budget line will be discussed separately. In conclusion budgets are complicated and complex tools. Within a budget there are many specific budgets which have to be examined separately. Flexible budgets helps companies set up strategy to assist in predicting positive outcomes for the business. How to cite Flexible Budgets, Papers

Council of Barchester Operated Seven Car Parking System

Question: Discuss about the Council of Barchester Operated Seven Car Parking System. Answer: Introduction The City Council of Barchester operated seven car parking system. The council of Barchester has proposed for the development of a new car parking system with an enhanced facility of controlling the operations of parking. The system needs to provide the daily operational functionalities including handling payments, issuing tickets and controlling the barriers for entry and exit of the car after successful verifications. This particular assignment includes the in-depth analysis of the functionality; the resource required and provides a feasibility study of developing the car parking system in the centre of Barchester. Functionality Analysis The advanced car parking system of Barchester needs to control the entry, exit and payment for the customers. Every time any customer enters the parking area, the entry barrier detects the car and through the sensors located under the road surface and the LCD is flashed with the further operations. With the given specification of the customer, the entry barrier prints the ticket containing the data and time of the entry. The ticket is further checked and analysed during the exit of the car from the parking area. In addition to that, the system automatically calculated the fees of the parking based on the date and time of the ticket issued during entry. The operational system must check for the availability of spaces before issuing the tickets to the customers. The new system needs to check the availability and issue the ticket to the customer within no more than five seconds. In the case of the seasonal customer, the system verifies the card and record of the entry time are inputted in to the database within the same time limit of five seconds. The most common error in the system is the printing of the ticket. In many cases, the barcode in the ticket becomes unreadable and where the customer is sent to the office for manual verification and calculation of the fees. In addition to that, the system can check the availability of the spaces in the parking lot. The operation system automatically increases the number by one every time a new car enters the parking area. The payment for the parking is made efficiently with the identification of the invalid coins and notes inserted to make the payment. The LCD on the entry and exit barrier allows the customer to view the availability, fees and parking tie of the cars. The system further calculated the fee of the cars based on the entry time within the limit of two seconds. Therefore, the developed parking system can efficiently control the parking, fee calculation and availability checking of the parking lot in Barchester. Resources Required For the development of the enhanced car paring system in the Barchester, the requirement of the system is human resource, hardware resource and software resource. The financial recourse for developing and maintained of the system is outside the scope of the project. Human Resource: For the development of the system, Software developers, hardware implementers, security managers, testers, employees are needed (Suhr, Jung, 2014, p-26). The software developers of the system will be developing the functionality of the car parking system including the verification, checking of the space availability and issuing the tickets to the users. The tester will check and examine the functionality and efficient working of the developed system (Geng, Cassandras, 2013, p-1134). Moreover, the security managers present in the parking lot will assist the customers with any problems and issues with the system including problems in fee calculation and payments. Hardware Requirement: For the implementation of the required car parking system, sensors, ticket printing system, cameras for recording security footage, LCD displays for showing the process and fee of the customer are required. In addition to that, the system requires a database for storing the information and data for the users including their entry and exit time in the parking area for at least one year (Nawaz, Efstratiou, Mascolo, 2013, p-77). The back end office of the system will require computers having access to the database and real time information about the parking area. Software Requirements: The new car parking system requires developing an application for sensing the car approaching that will display the availability of space in the parking area. The operating system developed will be compatible with Windows that support the TCP/IP protocol for communication and sharing of information (Byun et al., 2013, p-72). The communication interface between the different entry barriers will be facilitated through Ethernet network. The database of the system should be able to handle large volume of data for maintenance and security reasons. In addition to that, the software needs to be efficiently calculating the fees for the intended customer. Feasibility Study The feasibility study of the system reveals the strength and weakness of the proposed car parking system. Purpose The purpose of the new car parking system is to provide its customer automatic car parking facility with an efficient calculation of the time and fees required for a particulate parking. The system also aims at providing daily operations efficiently, for example, issuing tickets, validating the seasonal customers with the card. Scope The car parking system is an application system developed for efficient issuing of tickets and management of the car parking facility in Barchester. The scope of the developed system is to issue the tickets and check the availability of the parking space efficiently within a time limit of maximum five seconds. The developed system will provide a real-time and easy solution to manage congestion and high traffic in the parking area. The system will further update the database whenever a car enters and leaves the parking area. The cost required for maintenance, equipment, staffing, security and managing operations are within the scope of the project. Methodology Followed For developing the car parking system, the SDLC model will be followed. The software development life cycle is followed in the development of the information system (Caniels, Bakens, 2012, p-166). The following phase will be followed in the development of the car parking system- Planning: In the planning phase, the feasibility study and requirements of the system are identified. Analysis: The analyses of the risks factor in the developed car parking system are identified in this phase (Joslin, Muller, 2015, p-1377). Design: The implementation of the car parking system including the database is storing, issuing the parking tickets are developed in this phase. Implementation: The system is developed in the parking area including the implementation of the hardware and software. Maintenance: In this phase, the system is marinated for any risks and problems. Risks Involved in the Project Various risks are involved with the development of the car parking system. Risk Factor Description of the Risk Unrealistic Budget and Schedule The project will fall out of a budget if the budget does not meet the requirement of the system. The wrong scheduling will result in the delay of the system thus causing the project to fail (Spundak, 2014, p-119). Insufficient Resource The unavailability of both human and non-human resource will lead to the inefficiency in the functionality of the system. Unclear functional requirements If the requirements of the system are not clear, that will lead to the inefficacy in the product output thus causing the developed system to fail (Kerzner, 2013, p-776). Conclusion The development of the car parking system will provide the City Council of Barchester to efficiently operate the seven car parking system. The proposed system will provide efficiency in the issuing ticket, maintain the parking area, and effectively calculate the fees required for each parking customer. The development process will involve in the identification and management of the risks involved in the system for car parking. Therefore, the development of the proposed system will prove to be profitable for managing high traffic in car parking area. References Byun, J., Hong, I., Lee, B., Park, S. (2013). Intelligent household LED lighting system considering energy efficiency and user satisfaction. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 59(1), 70-76. Canils, M. C., Bakens, R. J. (2012). The effects of Project Management Information Systems on decision making in a multi project environment. International Journal of Project Management, 30(2), 162-175. Geng, Y., Cassandras, C. G. (2013). New Smart Parking system based on resource allocation and reservations. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 14(3), 1129-1139. Joslin, R., Mller, R. (2015). Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts. International Journal of Project Management, 33(6), 1377-1392. Kerzner, H. R. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Nawaz, S., Efstratiou, C., Mascolo, C. (2013, September). Parksense: A smartphone based sensing system for on-street parking. In Proceedings of the 19th annual international conference on Mobile computing networking (pp. 75-86). ACM. Spundak, M. (2014). Mixed agile/traditional project management methodologyreality or illusion?. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119, 939-948. Suhr, J. K., Jung, H. G. (2014). Sensor fusion-based vacant parking slot detection and tracking. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 15(1), 21-36.

The Advantages of Stupidity Essay Example For Students

The Advantages of Stupidity Essay Most people say being stupid will lead no where. They claim that it is the worst possible condition in which to spend ones life, and if possible, it should be completely avoided. They would even suggest if the symptoms of stupidity are caught in the early stages, it could easily be treated by a surgeon. The most effective method used to do this is the chainsaw technique, later described in volume two. Yet, perhaps if people took a closer look at someof the advantages stupidity had to offer, they wouldnt have such a negative attitude toward it. After reading this paper, one will understand the advantages of stupidity. We will write a custom essay on The Advantages of Stupidity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Admittedly, stupidity has certain disadvantages. Life isnt a bowl of cherries. And being stupid doesnt make it any fruitier. Being stupid can annoy even the most sensitive people. If one acts stupid, and does it in the wrong crowd, like a group of adults, it will seem more immature than funny. If one is forced to act stupid while dealing with lower life forms, for example, high school teachers, one may encounter barriers such as cruelty and insensitivity, with the utterance of statements like, Think with your head straight! or, You have a brain, use it. Yet these areall true, there are still many advantages to stupidity.The first advantage is very easy to understand. Stupid people are never asked to do a lot. Many have noticed that people tend to steer away from someone they feel may be stupid. This is for a very good reason. The stupidity which they posses makes a name for themselves, a name which can be very difficult to shake. Possibly, it is a word which describes the working hab its of the person, such as crappy. Yet, this creates a positive situation for thestupid person.They will have a lot of free time on their hands for more of lifes truly meaningful pleasures. Some of these activities are combing facial hair, and counting the pixels on a Sony TV. Now, there has been a rumour going around that suggests that stupid people have low expectations. This is true. They are so stupid that they dont realize great from O.K. They could have a Sanyocordless phone, but would probably choose instead a Pierre Cardin alarm clock telephone, because it comes free with their sensamatic folding bed. And someone with the advantage of stupidity might have a hard time doing certain tasks, or setting things up. Yet this isnt allbad. For example, if a stupid person leaves the chore, and comes back to it later, no one will be able to understand it. Would they get fired from their job? No. For the very simple reason that no one would understand their work except for them. The job would have to be given back to the stupid person, perhaps with a higher salary, or someone would do it for them, leaving them with even more free time! Free time is great for brainstorming (Admittedly this seems to be a bad choice of words!). Yet the ideas stupid people create tend to be original. For example, when was the last time someone stupid said something, and made one think about it? It seems that people are always talking about someone elses dumb idea. An example of such an idea would be, How many stories will that english teacher drop before having a stroke? This would suggest that stupid people may have the upper hand when it comes to thinking up original ideas. In fact, the next time someone wants an original idea for something, they should try talking to their local, community stupid person. The reason for this is that while a stupid person thinks with his head, he does not do so an organized manner. This is why they have so much creativity. By thinking in this fashion , their ideas have a natural tendency to flow more easily, without the interruptionswhich occur from the editing of thoughts that logical people would have normally. Thus if someone else should say to one, That was a stupid idea! one should merely look that person straight in the eye, and say, Thank-you! This also means that the claim, Stupid minds think alike. is not true. All stupid minds have different ideas, each idea being original. One of the final advantages of stupidity is that stupid people are always remembered, even after graduation day. It has been noticed how a quiet person is always hard to detect, and often remains anonymous. There is a very good reason for this. The mind has a hard time keeping quiet people in its memory track. But it is much easier and pleasing for the mind to remember someone really stupid. Anyways, when was the last time one laughed at an idiot in ones grade 12 class? When was the last time one laughed at the little kid at the back of the room? Th e evidence here proves how stupid people last longer in someones thoughts. The largest advantage which arises from stupidity is that it takes up 2/3 of DNA storage space, which is excellent for keeping stupidity in the family.Thus, stupidity clearly has many advantages, as long as someone is smart enough to use them! It is important to understand that stupid people are like all other humans physically. Yet, because of the difference between smart and stupid people, smart human beings should give them some breathing space. Teachers can learn that someone graced with stupidity, deserves more respect. After all, they are special.

What is the relationship between Organizational structures, culture and theirs factors The WritePass Journal

What is the relationship between Organizational structures, culture and theirs factors Introduction What is the relationship between Organizational structures, culture and theirs factors Introduction  Ã‚   Organizational structures/culture/factorsLeadership styles and organisational theoriesMotivational theories organisationsNature of groups and technologyConclusionsRelated Introduction Organizational Behavior is a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups and structure affect and is affected by behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization effectiveness. A consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goal. An Organization is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together to meet some agreed goals and objectives. An organization is a social organization which controls the goals and objectives of the company. This report is based on the theoretical concept of organizational behavior and how these behaviors will affect the managerial decision making and improve the performance of the organization. Organization behavior helps to learn about yourself and how to deal with others. You’re part of an organization now, and will continue to be a part various organizations. Organizations are increasingly expecting individuals to be able to work in teams, at least some of the time. The main purpose of this report is to critically evaluate all these theories and reasons for studying the organizational behaviour and ways of improving the knowledge on this field. The following questions will discuss some of the important aspect of organizational behaviour.   Ã‚   Organizational structures/culture/factors Organizational Structure is a topic seldom contemplated by most people working in organizational settings. We all go to work every day, go to assigned locations, and perform our jobs - and we don’t ever think about how our organization is arranged. However, Organizational Structure is critical both for a company and its employees. People should think very carefully about the organizational structure of the companies for which they work or of companies for which they intend to work. In the long run, Organizational Structure can spell the difference between success and failure for a company, as well as for the individuals who work there. Comparing organisational structure types involves identifying related objectives of the organisations being compared and then cross-comparing those objectives with the different strategies, policies, and procedures available in accomplishing them. Functional vs. Line organisational structures – functional organisations provide support, assistance, and labour to other departments or other organisations that make an actual product. Line organisations are responsible for making a product. Line-and –staff vs. Network organisational structures – line and staff organisational structure is combination of both a line and functional organisational structure. A network organisational structure outsources procedural tasks and exports manufacturing duties to independent organizations. Network organisations export tasks involved in making products to independent entities, those entities inherit the liability associated with providing services to network organisations. In contrast, bureaucratic organizational structures have product departments that are supervised by the organisation itself. Matrix organizational structures create tailor-made teams to addresses specific problems. Network organizational structures may harness volunteer labour and leverage user-generated problem solving to address a specific issue. Culture consists of the learned patterns of behaviour common to members of a given society the unique lifestyle of a particular group of people. Organisational culture is defined as a complex set of values, beliefs, assumptions, and symbols that define the way which firm conducts its business. Cultural differences and their implications for organisations have been studied by many researchers, but the way culture has been treated as a variable central to the study differs quite considerably. Cultural continuity and coherence between organisations and the society within they operate is the aspect which has to be addressed fully while doing any cross cultural research. The opinion on cultural influence on organizational structure fully represents own point of view. In order to find more general and proved relationships between culture and organisations structure dimensions wide research need to be done. There are some factors which influence individual behaviour at workplace. Demographic factors are socio economic background, education, nationality, race, age, sex, etc. Organisations prefer persons that belong to good socio-economic background, well educated, young etc as they are believed to be performing better than the others. Abilities and skills factors are a physical capacity of an individual to do something can be termed as ability. Skills can be defined as the ability to act in a way that allows a person to perform well. The individual behaviour and performance is highly influenced by ability and skills. Furthermore, Attitude factor can be defined as tendency to respond favourably or unfavourably to certain objects, persons or situations. The employees can perform better in the organisation if they form a positive attitude. The factors such as family, society, culture, peers and organisational factors influence the information of attitude. At last but not least, Personality factor which can be defined as the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individual, the inter-relations between them and the way in which a person responds and adjusts to other people and situations. Leadership styles and organisational theories Research and investigation into different management leadership styles has been fragmented and inconsistent. There are various types of leaderships styles like: Autocratic leadership, Democratic, Bureaucratic, Laissez faire, and Paternalistic. In Autocratic Leadership managers seeks to make as many decisions as possible, they have the most authority and control in decision making, managers seeks to retain responsibility rather than utilise complete delegation. Moreover, managers are less concerned with investing their own leadership development, and prefer to simply work on commanded subordinates. Democratic leadership is the style that promotes the sharing of responsibility, the exercise of delegation and continual consultation. In these leadership managers seeks consultation on all major issues and decisions. Manager effectively delegate tasks to subordinates and give them full control and responsibility for those tasks. The bureaucratic leadership style is concerned with ensuring workers follow rules and procedures accurately and consistently.   Leaders expect employees to display a formal, business-like attitude in the workplace and between each other. Managers gain instant authority with their position, because rules demand that employees pay them certain privileges, such as being able to sign off on all major decisions. As a result, leaders suffer from ‘position power’. Taylor’s scientific management theory developed by Taylor is based on the concept of planning work to achieve efficiency, standardisation, specialisation and simplification. Taylor developed the following four principles of scientific management for improving productivity: Science, not rule-of-thumb  Old rules-of-thumb should be supplanted by a scientific approach to each element of a persons work. Scientific selection of the worker  Organizational members should be selected based on some analysis, and then trained, taught and developed. Management and labour cooperation rather than conflict  Management should collaborate with all organizational members so that all work can be done in conformity with the scientific principles developed. Scientific training of the worker  Workers should be trained by experts, using scientific methods. Another theory which known as Weber’s approach (1947) based the concept of the formal organisation on the following principles: Structure  In the organization, positions should be arranged in a hierarchy, each with a particular, established amount of responsibility and authority. Specialization  Tasks should be distinguished on a functional basis, and then separated according to specialization, each having a separate chain of command. Predictability and stability  The organization should operate according to a system of procedures consisting of formal rules and regulations. Rationality  Recruitment and selection of personnel should be impartial. Administrative theory (Fayol, 1949) relates to accomplishment of tasks, and includes principles of management, the concept of line and staff, committees and functions of management. Division of work or specialization  increases productivity in both technical and managerial work. Authority and responsibility is imperative for an organizational member to accomplish the organizational objectives. Discipline  Members of the organization should honour the objectives of the organization. They should also comply with the rules and regulations of the organizations. Unity of command  means taking orders from and being responsible to only one superior.  Unity of direction  Members of the organization should jointly work toward the same goals. Subordination of individual interest to general interest   interest of the organization should not become subservient to individual interests or the interest of a group of employees. Remuneration of personnel can be based on diverse factors such as time, job, piece rates, and bonuses, profit-sharing or non-financial rewards.  Centralization  Management should use an appropriate blend of both centralization and de-centralization of authority and decision making. Motivational theories organisations There are a number of different views as to what motivates workers. The most commonly held views or theories are discussed below and have been developed over the last 100 years or so. Unfortunately these theories do not all reach the same conclusions! Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 – 1917) put forward the idea that workers are  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the following: Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control. Therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks. Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task. Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay. Taylor’s methods were widely adopted as businesses saw the benefits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used them to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was the start of the era of mass production. Taylor’s approach has close links with the concept of an autocratic management style (managers take all the decisions and simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregor’s Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility). Mayo Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together. From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated by: Better communication  between managers and workers (Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the opportunity to give feedback) Greater manager involvement  in employees working lives (Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving) Working in groups or teams  (Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams) Maslow Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) along with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950’s, which focused on the psychological needs of employees. Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy (see below) and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic wage in order to buy food before worrying about having a secure job contract or the respect of others. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfil each need in turn and progress up the hierarchy (see below). Managers should also recognise that workers are not all motivated in the same way and do not all move up the hierarchy at the same pace. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of incentives from worker to worker. Herzberg Frederick Herzberg (1923) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors) Motivators are more concerned with the actual job itself. For instance how interesting the work is and how much opportunity it gives for extra responsibility, recognition and promotion. Hygiene factors are factors which ‘surround the job’ rather than the job itself. For example a worker will only turn up to work if a business has provided a reasonable level of pay and safe working conditions but these factors will not make him work harder at his job once he is there. Importantly Herzberg viewed pay as a hygiene factor which is in direct contrast to Taylor who viewed pay and piece-rate in particular. Herzberg believed that businesses should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Motivation plays a huge role in any organization or company. The level of motivation can directly affect not only the quality of life but can strengthen or weaken the bottom line. Every manager and or leader should know and work to make sure they keep their employees motivated no matter what place those employees are in their careers. Managers can keep their employees motivated by identifying individual factors that influence behaviour, understanding and applying motivation theories and enacting effective behaviour modification that encourages a higher level of motivation for the individual employee. A motivated workforce can make any company or organization a competitive force. Employees who are motivated usually produce at a higher level, create a better product or service and can be fertile ground for innovative ideas. Nature of groups and technology The term group can be defined as two or more persons interacting and working together for a common purpose. When people work in groups rather than as individuals, the goals of the Organization can be easily achieved. However, working in a group is a complex task. Group dynamics refers to the interactions between the members of a group. A work group of an organization is the main foundation for the social identity of employees in that organization. Hence, performance at work and relationships outside the organization are influenced by the nature of groups in the organization. In this unit, we will discuss the nature and types of groups and the stages in development of groups along with the structure, tasks, and processes of groups. Different types of groups are formed to achieve specific results in organizations. There are three views on the nature of interaction between members of a group or group dynamics. The first view is the normative view, which describes how to carry out activities and organize a group. According to the second view, group dynamics consists of a set of techniques which include brainstorming, role play, team building, sensitivity training, self-managed teams, and transactional analysis. The third view explains group dynamics from the viewpoint of the internal nature of the groups. The formation of groups, structure, processes, and functioning are discussed in this view along with the effect of groups on individuals, other groups, and the complete organization. The use of new technologies can improve and in some cases hider team functioning. As technology changes teams must update and maintain their knowledge in order to function effectively. There are technologies like e-mail, mobile phones, groupware and computers which have improved team functions. E-mail allows asynchronous communication which team members do not be in the same place at the same time in order to communicate effectively. Mobile phones have come a long way from yuppie bricks of the 1980s and there are now more mobile phones in the UK then there are people. Groupware enables teams to plan meetings, collaborate, delegate all within a virtual environment which can often be accessed remotely from anywhere in the world. Computers allow team members to carry out various tasks and communicate more effectively. Laptop computers allow you to do this anywhere. Conclusions According to my opinion company should have use different leadership styles, motivational theories of different theorist or economist, and other organisational behaviour strategies for business operations. Basically, this report describes all these things. Company should critically evaluate all the issues of management which can directly or indirectly affecting the business operations. Many employers now expect employees to understand their own performance and to know how to adapt to meet times of increased workload, stressful situations or conditions of change. Employees are expected to respond well to change. Whilst some employers offer training, it is more typical for employers to expect graduates to arrive ready to manage both their own performance and the performance of other people. Organizational Structure is critical both for a company and its employees. People should think very carefully about the organizational structure of the companies for which they intend to work. In the long run, Organizational Structure can spell the difference between success and failure for a company, as well as for the individuals who work there. Furthermore, culture and organisation’s structure should be interred related with each other. As I mentioned earlier about how culture affects on organisation as well as individual behaviour at work. Evaluation of theories using technologies can helps organisation to improve and growth of company. References a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.bized.co.uk b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.businessballs.com c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.Thestudentroom.co.uk d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Class notes and self knowledge Bibliography a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. Brooks (2008), Organisational Behaviour: groups and organisation, 4th edition, Prentice Hall b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Laurie J. Mullins (1995), Organisational Behaviour and Management, 4th revised edition, FT Prentice Hall

Q3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Q3 - Essay Example Since I work as an IT professional, I would categorize myself as a knowledge worker because of the technical knowledge I possess in the area of programming for various applications. Problem solving requires the application of this knowledge, and also requires soft skills such as the ability to work in groups, because most IT work is done in teams and groups. Some examples of knowledge workers are those who possess specialized or highly technical knowledge, such as engineers, medical or legal professionals or IT workers responsible for systems design. Most technology jobs fall under the category of knowledge based jobs, however in most occupations, routine, desk level jobs can be standardized and outsourced. Job growth in the next couple of decades is predicted to be highest in well paying occupations requiring â€Å"expert thinking† and â€Å"complex human communication.† (Levy and Murmane, 2004:80). Hence, knowledge workers are those who possess a level of knowledge an d the ability to engage in expert thinking and are also able to interact effectively with others at different levels. (2) In the knowledge economy, work patterns are changing. As pointed out by Smith (2005) in his comparison of the work habits of the Baby Boomer generation and the young workers of today who belong to the Internet age, there is a higher level of independence and flexibility sought by the latter. Communication between these individuals takes place through electronic means even as they are sitting next to each other. If creativity and innovation among these knowledge workers is to survive and thrive, they require the kind of flexible managerial support that will focus on the end product rather than dictate the method by which such an end is to be achieved. Where knowledge workers are concerned, soft skills and effective networking is also an

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 8

International business - Essay Example Unilever is regarded as the one of the leading fast moving consumer products suppliers. The business environment of Unilever has been transformed in to a more complex and diverse phenomenon with its independent approach to managing an internationally diverse strategic operational environment, supply chain (logistics) and value chain (www.unilever.com). It owns over 400 world’s popular consumer brands of foods, beverages, personal care and cleaning agents thus offering richness and variety to a global customer base in different countries. Its overall business strategy encompasses a series of other segmental operations. Unilever has adopted a functionality-based approach to its logistic operations, value chain management and decision making in the larger context of corporate expansion, both within the UK market and other regions (Boyle, & Ottensmeyer, 2005). It sells packaged consumer goods to captive consumers who have rarely abandoned the company in preference for another. The logic behind its success is to be found in its mission statement – â€Å"meeting the everyday needs of people everywhere†. Thus out of every two households in the world one uses Unilever products. It controls roughly 90 subsidiaries in the world. It’s the second largest packaged food company in the world just behind Procter & Gamb le (www.unilever.com). Its global network of logistics and value chain has little parallel elsewhere. The current global logistic operations strategy at Unilever is largely determined by its Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) strategy, Balanced Score Card (BSC) Framework and Value, Rarity, Inimitability, Organization (VRIO) framework. In ERP the top-down perspective has helped to map out strategic partnerships with a diverse network of suppliers (Jacobs, & Chase, 2010). Thus its ERP techniques have facilitated Unilever’s value chain management functions to a greater extent by doing away with tedious and time

E-commerce LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-commerce LAW - Essay Example In ecommerce transactions, the customer would be able to see the product only after it reaches his home. On the other hand, if the customer purchases a product from the shop, he can physically check the performance or quality of the product before purchasing. Moreover, instant purchasing is impossible with internet purchasing. A customer has to wait a lengthy period for the arrival of the product if he/she opts for internet purchasing. On the other hand, purchasing from stores will help the customers to own the product immediately after the payment is made. Another major drawback associated with ecommerce is the difficulties in returning a defective good. In conventional purchasing, if a product found defective, the customer can immediately return or replace it. On the other hand, ecommerce do not offer such convenience to the customers. Even though human interactions are available while executing an internet purchase, personal service cannot be expected as in the case of purchasing a product from a store. â€Å"E-commerce is most often conducted using credit card facilities for payments, and as a result very small and very large transactions tend not to be conducted online† (Ecommerce disadvantages and constraints, n. d.). Most of the ecommerce purchasing are done with the help of the credit cards. But giving or revealing credit card numbers to a distant dealer through internet is not safe. Hackers are hyperactive on internet so that the credit card numbers used for purchasing products through internet can be easily exploited by

International Marketing Plan For Londons Ships

International Marketing Plan For Londons Ships 1. Executive summary This report presents an inclusive international marketing plan which has been formulated for Londons Ships, operating in the tourism industry of the UK. The marketing plan primarily aims to generate awareness within its target market regarding the products and services offered by the enterprise. This plan also aims to promote the historic partner museum ships with in the global tourists market. These partner museum ships are members of Londons Ships. This marketing plan is the primary plan formulated for a period of one year. The target market that has been defined by the marketing plan is formed of those people who keep keen interest in the UKs history and heritage and falls within the age bracket of 35 to 65. This target market lives in USA. The marketing plan has been designed upon carrying out an examination of the UK tourism industry. The industry has been influenced by the distressed economic condition and requires expansion with the help of the UK government. It has been furth er recognised that micro and macro industrial environment has the capability to impact the enterprise and its subsequent performance. The marketing plan identifies the objectives based upon which the marketing strategy and the communication channels have been proposed. This plan also ascertains the implementation plan with identified responsibilities and time period. Furthermore it has also been postulated that the plan should be persistently monitored and assessed against the performance indicators. The key factor based upon which the plan has been proposed is the consistent monitoring and reviewing of the performance and expected outcomes of the marketing plan so that performance issues can be addressed. 2. Objectives of the enterprise 2.1. To develop and expand the business of the enterprise by means of expanding the market and develop the brand of Londons Ships. 2.2. To propagate the museum ships as esteemed members of Londons Ships as well as the heritage of the UK. 2.3. To amplify the revenues generated by the business by means of accomplishing business sustainability and subsequent expansion. 3. Assessment of the environment of the market (source: Londons Ships corporate website; Business Source Premier, 2009, case study: Londons Ships of Historic Interest Partnership) 3.1. Micro environment: Carrying out the SWOT analysis of the enterprise, it has been assessed that the strengths are representation of the company as the heritage of the UK whereas the member vessels of the enterprise are some of the famous and well known museum ships. The weaknesses of the enterprise are its dependency on the tourism industry of the UK which had directly affected the performance of the enterprise. Londons Ships lacks in adapting to the technological innovation such as e- commerce website that can facilitate the business in increasing its sales and revenues through providing information, knowledge regarding the offered products and services by the enterprise. Additionally an e- commerce business infrastructure can also provide the international tourists to do online booking, which also is the missed opportunity by the company. Thirdly the major weakness has been observed as the uncompetitive website of the company which lags far behind in providing information and i nteraction of the business with its customers and stakeholders. The opportunities that lie ahead of the business are to take advantage of the investments by means of expanding and enhancing the e- marketing and online presence. Secondly with improvements that are expected in the UK economy are also expected to influence the industrial development, hence laying positive impacts on the business growth. The threats to the enterprise are seen in the form of competitive tourism industry of the UK which has the potential of attracting new market entrants who are eager to snatch the opportunities through forming associations with existing companies and increasing their market share. Secondly the other business affiliates such as hotels, car rental service providers etc can also threaten the company through making strategic alliances with the competitors. 3.2. Macro environment: the tourism industry of the UK had got affected by the existing economic turbulence. Therefore the tourists operators have been under constant scrutiny that whether or not these operators effectively furnish the value for money. The number of tourists visiting the UK has been declined since last nine years (Mintel Oxygen, 2009). Therefore the tourism industry is facing challenges in terms of attracting the tourists due to slow development, lower business revenues and scarcity of competent and skilled people. 3.3. It has been assessed that in order to provide efficient services by the industry, hit mandates persistent investments to be made in the development of people and the products. The tourism industry of the UK demonstrates high potential to survive even in the distressed economic situation nevertheless, significant considerations must be made by the government to promote UK tourism as one of the key economic drivers. The subsequent result of expanding the industry will be job creation within the industry, increased revenues that will be shared by the market and most importantly giving a boost and financial injection to the distressed and recovering UK economy. 4. Identification of the target market The marketing plan primarily aspires to target a single market which is USA market. Upon the effective implementation of this marketing plan, other target markets will be defined and approached. As indicated, the target market falls within age the age bracket of 35 to 65 years. The target market has been assessed to keep a keen interest in exploring the world tourists sites due to their expenditure power. A brief analysis of the USA market has been given below along with the reasons for choosing this market as the target market for the marketing plan: 4.1. PESTEL analysis of USA (USA country profile, Euromonitor International, a, b, c 2010) The political arena of the USA raises concerns due to its involvement and approach towards international politics. Within the USA the expenditure of the government on social security and Medicare contributes towards two- fifth of the spending of the federal government which has been accused of increasing with an unjustifiable rate. Therefore due to the economic turbulence this funding has been affected which translates into instability of the USA government. The economic condition of the country appears to be distressed. Although currently the GDP seems to be stagnant, however it is expected to grow up to 3.1 per cent by the end of year 2010. The GDP is also expected to grow up to 2.6 per cent by the end of year 2011. The social landscape indicates towards a high living standard inclusive of yearly and even frequent trend of holiday making. The tourism spending has increased by the end of 2009 whereas decline in the inflation rate also indicates towards a promising picture. There has been increasing interest noted by the global tourist industry in the UK tourism industry due to increased efforts made by the local industry in increasing inbound tourism in the UK (Mintel Oxygen, 2009). Out of the most famous tourism attractions in UK are its historical buildings, museums etc. There has been an increase in inbound tourism in the UK, hence attracting the tourists from the USA market has been done because the USA is bigger market with increasing expenditure on tourism. 5. Marketing Objectives The marketing objectives have been drawn on the business objectives of the enterprise as indicated in section 2. These objectives have been set as: 5.1. To obtain a larger market share of the global market and also obtaining a larger share up to five per cent of the USA market in first year of implementation of the marketing plan. 5.2. To develop the relationship with the customers and stakeholders of the enterprise. 5.3. To develop a brand of the enterprise by means of creating an awareness of the enterprise as well as museum vessels. 6. Proposing a marketing strategy (inspired by Bangs, 2002; Chinsall, 1995). The following marketing strategy has been proposed to be adapted by the enterprise so that the defined marketing objectives can be attained: 6.1. Product: The enterprise requires developing its product and branding portfolio by increasing the quality and operational characteristics of the products and services that are being offered to the customers. It is recommended that the developed products and services should be coordinated with the needs and demands of the USA tourists. In addition to the development of the product portfolio the enterprise also requires to provide effective customer services that are designed to gain ultimate customer satisfaction. These efforts should be made in line with the brand development initiatives under taken by the management. Within the same context, introducing products such as green tourism should also be introduced that supports preserving ecology and bio- diversity. The prime objective of the developed product and brand portfolio should be addressing the target market coupled with services such as loyalty scheme, extra mileage scheme, easing out the accessibility for the disabled tou rists. 6.2. Price: The adapted pricing strategy of the enterprise should be a combination of competitive and premium pricing strategy. This has been proposed so that the tourists can be capable enough of spending on the tourist products and attractions with varied choices. 6.3. Place: There is an immediate requirement of the development of the e- commerce based infrastructure of the enterprise. It has been therefore suggested that Londons Ships should form strategic alliances with other tower operators to come up with competitive tourists products laden with trade discounts, competitive products etc. The development of e- commerce channel should be in line with brand development as well as creating the brand awareness of the corporation and its products and services. 6.4. Promotion: The enterprise should adapt multiple promotional channels such as e- marketing, public relations, social networking and so forth. Most importantly the company should concentrate on making a strong and consistent presence of the company as well as expansion of e- commerce website within this regards it has been suggested that the company should make its distinction on major search engines like Yahoo, msn etc. The reason behind doing so is to generate online traffic for the company as well as including provision of shared links in coordination with other e- commerce websites / companies offering similar services and products to the customers. The company can also improve its web presence by means of including familiar key words and by means of paying a specific amount to major search engines so that the web link of Londons Ships can be sponsored and appear with the results of the search engine. This can be made possible through outsourcing a search engine placement comp any whose job is to generate customer awareness, increase online traffic etc. for the enterprise. Most importantly Londons Ships should adapt to the process of email marketing. An e- mail marketing campaign that is designed for generating revenues as well as retaining customers likely to provide benefits such as higher number of customers visiting the website, increased brand awareness, brand development. Further on email marketing can also benefit the company through giving a cost effective solution that is equally influential in attracting global tourists towards the UK tourism industry. Some of the compatible channels of communication of e- marketing are newsletters, brochures etc. 6.5. In addition to the above recommendations the company should also adapt to the online public relations so that the customers and stakeholders are consistently kept well informed about the company and the brand along with development of the brand in context of supporting global ecology, low carbon economy and green tourism pertaining to bio diversity. 6.6. Most importantly the company should also strengthen its relationships with its customers and business partners so that the objectives of retaining the customers and obtaining a higher percentage of global market share can be attained. 7. Implementation plan (inspired by Kotler, 2006) Strategy- Implementation plan -Identified responsibilities -Start date-End date. Develop products portfolio and brand of the company along with creating the product and brand awareness: implying marketing and advertising channels along with branding and online public relations actions in order to promote the product portfolio. Creation of the awareness of the company and its brand should be carried out through promotion the marketing massage which is influential enough to successfully attract the customers to the member vessels of the company. Marketing manager, executive and team members September 2010-August 2011. Develop competitive and premium pricing strategy Revisions of the pricing strategy so that the company offers varied prices that cater different social classes with in the identified target market. Competitive prices can be possibly accomplished through cutting down the cost of business. In order to premium price the products, the enterprise should undertake some strategic actions such as making strategic alliances with allied services (other tour operators) so that the customers can be provided with value for their money(family packages, annual passes, fast track access etc.). Marketing manager, operations manager and their team November 2010-March 2011. Develop relationship with the stake holders Develop communication channels so that the customers and stake holders are kept well informed about the developments and activities of the company. Marketing manager, Business manager and his team October 2010-August 2011. 8. The marketing budget The desired marketing budget for this marketing plan has been assessed to be  £ 20,000 for the first year. The desired resources that should be allocated for the implementation process of this plan are human capital, financial budget, and continued support of the management as well as marketing personnel. 9. Monitoring and evaluation The evaluation of the marketing plan should be carried out against the following performance indicators as suggested by Punniyamoorthy and Murali (2008). These indicators are higher number of customers, increased brand awareness, experiencing the anticipated outcomes of marketing activities, successfully implemented competitive and premium prices paid by the customers, improved quality of customer services, higher market share etc. 10. Critical Issues (source: drawn from the case study) Londons Ships is assessed to challenge by the following critical issues which must be addressed prior to the implementation of the marketing plan that has been proposed above: 10.1. A process of consistent monitoring and reviewing should be carried out so that the marketing manager is well aware of the performance evaluation of the plan and can take corrective measures accordingly. 10.2. In addition to the implementation of the marketing plan the company should also concentrate on the development of its e- commerce infrastructure and web site so that the proposed strategies can be effectively implemented. It is also important so that the customers / foreign tourists can draw information and knowledge regarding the company and partner museum ships through the website as well as securing online purchases long before entering into the UK. 10.3. Londons Ships should also adapt to strategic business practices such as development of e- supply chain, forming strategic alliances with business partners with an ambition of offering tourist packages etc. 10.4. In addition to above issues the management should ensure that the company is well equipped with skilled and competent personnel which is capable enough of coping with the significant changes that the company has been suggested to go through. Therefore sufficient amount of training and development needs to be provided to the people along with learning and identifying the needs and demands of the people. References and Bibliography Adrian, P (2001) Principles of Services Marketing, (3rd edn) McGraw Hill Business Source Premier (2009) ‘Tourism crucial to UK recovery, Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 199:4583 Buttle, F (1996) Relationship Marketing: Theory and Practice, Sage Brassington, F and Pettitt, S (2006) Principles of Marketing, (4th edn), FT Prentice Hall Bangs, D (2002) The Market Planning Guide: Creating a Plan to Successfully Market Your Business, Product, Or Service (6th edn), Kaplan Publishing Buhalis, D and Costa, C (2006) Tourism Frontiers: Industry, Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK Buhalis, D and Costa, C (2004) Tourism Management Dynamics: Trends, Management and Tools, Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann, London Cox, E (2001) Diffusion of forecasting principles through books, In J. S. Armstrong (ed.), Principles of Forecasting / J. E. Cox, D.G. Loomis, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers,. Choy, L (1995) The quality of tourism employment, Tourism Management, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 129-37 Chinsall, P (1995) Strategic Business marketing, (3rd edn) Prentice Hall Chaston, I (2001) e-Marketing Strategy, McGraw-Hill Christopher, M et al. (1993) Relationship Marketing: Bringing Quality, Customer Service and Marketing Together, Butterworth-Heinnemann Clarke et al. (1998) Relationship Marketing, Financial Times Management. Doyle, P (2006) Marketing Management Strategy, (4th edn), FT Prentice Hall Dlabay et al (2005) Intro to Business: Finance, Marketing, Operations, Management, Thomson South-Western Euromonitor International (2010 a) USA: Country Profile 2010, Euromonitor International Euromonitor International (2010 b) Travel and tourism- United Kingdom, Euromonitor International Euromonitor International (2010 c) Travel and tourism- USA, Euromonitor International Edgell, L (1995) â€Å"A barrier-free future for tourism†, Tourism Management, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 107-10. Finn, A. and Erdem, T (1995) â€Å"The economic impact of a mega-multi-mall. Estimation issues in the case of West Edmonton Mall†, Tourism Management, Vol. 16 No. 5, pp. 367-73. Gilligan, C et al (2003) ‘Strategic marketing planning, Butterworth-Heinemann Gonzalez, A and Bello, L (2002) ‘The construct â€Å"lifestyle† in market segmentation: The behaviour of tourist consumers, European Journal of Marketing, Vol 36:No 1/2, pp. 51-85 Hollensen, S (2007) Global Marketing, Pearson Education Limited, England Lambin, J (2000) Market-Driven Management, MacMillan Hosuton, B et al. (2002) Business strategy: an introduction, (2nd edn), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford Kotler, P (2000) Marketing Management, Millennium Edition, Prentice Hall Kuhn, R (2002) Process-based strategic planning, (2nd edn), Springer Londons Ships corporate website (2010) ‘About us [online] Available from Mintel Oxygen (2009) ‘Inbound Tourism- UK-November 2009, Mintel Oxygen Payne, A et al. (1998) Relationship Marketing for Competitive Advantage: Winning and Keeping Customers, Butterworth-Heinnemann, Porter, M (1985) Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance, Free Press, New York Ryan, C (1995) â€Å"Tourism courses: a new concern for a new time†, Tourism Management, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 97-100. Find out more from UK Essays here: http://www.ukessays.com/services/example-essays/marketing/international-marketing-plan-londons-ships.php#ixzz3EEh1jQiX

Sports Education Essay -- Education

Sports Education allows students to become more involved with the curriculum of the class. This is done by educating students to be players in the fullest sense, and to help them develop as competent, literate and enthusiastic sports people. This model should not be used in a regular physical education class because its take a lot of devotion and motivation on the students’ part to make this work. Offering a class as an elective that uses this model as the basis for their curriculum would be most beneficial. This way students that want to dedicate themselves to a class like this can do so by choice. Through participation, students will achieve the twelve objectives laid out by this model. Develop skills and fitness specific to particular sports. Appreciate and be able to execute strategic play in sports. Participate at a level appropriate to their stage of development. Share in the planning and administration of sport experiences. Provide responsible leadership. Work effectively within a group toward common goals. Appreciate the rituals and conventions that give particular sports their unique meanings. Develop the capacity to make reasoned decisions about sport issues. Develop and apply knowledge about umpiring, referring, and training. Decide voluntarily to become involved in after-school sports. The Sports Education model isn’t about students playing a game every day it’s much more than that. For students, the benefits of sport education participation include an increased investment in physical education, an increased level of learning in games units, and increased opportunities for potentially marginalized students. This model is broken down into six basic components that include seasons, team affiliation, formal comp... ...kouts during practices. Anyone can participate in a sport and be physically active. A student that experiences a sports education while get more of an understanding of the sport then someone who just plays the sport. This is because of the students are doing more than just playing the game. They set up the game; referee the game, and attempt to understand how every position is played. Utilizing core concepts of the interdisciplinary physical education model and the fitness education model one can ensure that they will leave with a well-rounded education. Works Cited Hastie, Peter. Sport Education: International Perspectives. Vol. XVI. New York: Routledge, 2011. Print. Siedentop, Daryl, Hans Van Der Mars, and Peter Hastie. Complete Guide to Sport Education. 2nd ed. Vol. XIV. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2011. Print.